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Glossary of Scientific Terms
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Range of energy of solar flares. It is not considered a solar flare, and have energy output of X-ray radiation of minor 1E-5. Top
The A-index provides a daily average level for geomagnetic activity, based on the K-index. Top
The process in which incident eletromagnetic radiation is absorbed by medium on which it fall upon. In the Ionosphere is the loss of energy from a radio wave. Mostly occurs in the D region. Top
This is a guide to the lowest frequency for reliable radio communications by the ionosphere. The ALF is significant only on circuits with daylight sectors. Top
It is an oscillation of pressure that travels throgh a solid, liquid, or gas in a wave pattern. It transmits sound by vibrating organs in the ear that produce the sensation of hearing. Acoustic waves are defined by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Top
When referring to the Sun, the term means "changing". Solar activity is the changing appearance of the Sun. The Sun is more active when emits more radiation and particles, mainly in both extreme of electromagnetic spectrum. Top
In solar-terrestrial terms, the approximate center of a range of heliographic longitudes in which Active Regions are more numerous and more flare-active than the average. Top
Portions of the solar limb that display active prominences, characterized by down-flowing knots ans streamers, sprays, frequent surges, and curved loops. Top
An active region on the Sun is an area with an especially strong magnetic field. Sunspots frequently form in active regions. Top
In hydrologic terms, the total amount of reservoir capacity normally available for release from a reservoir below the maximum storage level. It is total or reservoir capacity minus inactive storage capacity. More specifically, it is the volume of water between the outlet works and the spillway crest. Top
In solar-terrestrial terms, an Active Region that exhibits a group or series of spike-like surges that rise above the limb. Top
Correspond to the processes that occur in absence of heat transfer. In gases adiabatic processes (increasing or decreasing of temperature) can be done by change of pressure. The opposite processes is called diabatic. Top
The Rate of decrease of temperature experienced by a parcel of air when it is lifted in the atmospehre under the restriction that it cannot exchange heat with its environment. For parcels that remain unsatured during lifting, the (dry adiabatic) lapse rate is 9.8ºC per kilometer. Top
A process which occurs with no exchange of heat between a system and its environment. Top
It is a transport mechanism os a substance os conserved property with a fluid in motion. Advection is important for the formation of orographic cloud and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle. Top
A fog that forms when warm air flows over a cold surface and cools from below until saturation is reached. Top
The Auroral Electrojet Index, AE, is designed to provide a global, quantitative measure of auroral zone magnetic activity produced by enhanced ionospheric currents flowing below and within the auroral oval. Top
It is the science of the upper region of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. The term aeronomy was introduced by Sydney Chapman, and the above definition stems from 1960. Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Top
A system of colloidal particles dispersed in a gas, such as smoke or fog. Top
The mixture of gases and particles which make up the Earth's atmosphere. Top
It is a large volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content. Top
Air pollution is a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent, that mofdifies the natural characteristics os the atmosphere. Top
A meteorological situation in which there is a major buildup of air pollution in the atmosphere. This usually occurs when the same air mass is parked over the same area for several days. During this time, the light winds cannot "cleanse" the buildup of smoke, dust, gases, and other industrial air pollution. Top
This National Weather Service product is issued wehn major buildups of air pollution, smoke, dust or industrial gases are expected near the ground for a period of time. This usually results from a stagnant high pressure system with weak winds being unable to bring in fresh air. Top
It is a natural luminosity originating from atmosphere due to photons emission by some atoms and molecules that are energically excited by processes resulting (directly or indirectly) from solar radiation and that, then, they emit photons when they return to its ground energetic levels. The excitation mechanisms include ressonance, fluorescence, photoionization, photodissociation, inelastic colisions, and quimiluminescence. The main emissions came from molecular and atomic oxygen, hydroxyl and sodium atom. Airglow occurs mainly in range between 80 and 400 km of altitude. Top
It is the denomination given to the finite region in the Earth's atmosphere from where the airglow comes. Each emission due to different constituint emissor comes from distinct layers, which generally are localized in distinct height and, sometimes, are overlap. Top
Reflectivity; the fraction of radiation striking a surface that is reflected by that surface. Top
It is a semipermanent low pressure center located near the Aleutian Islands during the winter. It is one of the main centers of action in the atmospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere.
It is a specific magnetic field aligned current in the Earth's magnetosphere which flows from the magnetotail towards the Earth on the dawn side and in the other direction on the dusk side of the magnetosphere. Top
Sediments deposited by erosional processes, usually by streams. Top
Is a kind of radiation produced by the fast movement of Helios nucleous (consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 protons, called alpha particles). This particle have a weak potential to ionize bodies especially because of his high mass, So it can be easily stopped by a paper sheet. Top
It is diffusion of positive and negative particles in a plasma at the same rate due to their interaction via the eletric field. Once these particles are moved with different velocities, to arise charge separation, which originates an intrinsic electric field that accelerate particles more massive and retard particle less massive, keeping the plasma electrical neutrality. Top
Means the increasing of the amplitude of the signal. (SEE Amplitude) Top
Is a electronic device that increases the amplitude. (SEE Amplitude) Top
Is the modulus of the intensity of a wave. Top
It is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. Its operation range in from 500 to 1,500kHz (wavelength from 600 to 200 meters, respectively). Top
A unit of length equal to 1.0E-10 meters. Top
The deviation of a measurable unit(e.g., temperature or precipitation) over a period in a given region from the long-term average, often the thirty-year mean, for thar region. Top
An index of moisture stored within a drainage basin before a storm. Top
The formation or intensification of an anticyclone or high pressure center. Top
In meteorology, an anticyclone (opposite to a cyclone) is a weather phenomenon in which there is a descending movement of the air over part of the planet's surface that causes a higher atmospheric pressure than the average. Anticyclonic flow spirals in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemiphere, counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and undefined at the equator. (SEE Anticyclonic Rotation) Top
Is the movement in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. Top
A current originates in the vicinity of the Leeward Islands as part of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current. Top
The planetary index for measuring the strength of a disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field. The index is defined over a period of one day from a set of standard stations arround the world. Top
It is the point in the orbit of the moon or of an artificial satellite most distant from the center of the Earth. Top
The speed and true direction from which the wind appears to blow with reference to a moving point. Sometimes called RELATIVE WIND. Top
Also known as Equatorial Ionization Anomaly is characterized by an increased density electronic ionospheric F region in low latitudes, as well as a region of decreased electron density in the equatorial region. Top
Celestial bodies similar to planets but much smaller that orbit the solar system whose diameter can reach hundreds of kilometers and are almost always spherical and formed by rocks (silicates) and some metal (iron). Top
It is the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (equal to 149.6E9m or 214.94 solar radii). Top
The scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe. Top
It is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth that is retained by gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains by volume roughly 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. Top
The region in which the atmosphere experiences surface effects through vertical exchanges of momentum, heat and moisture. Top
A mathematical model for quantitatively describing, simulating, and analyzing the structure of the circulation in the atmosphere and the underlying causes. Sometimes referred to as Atmospheric General Circulation Models or AGCMs. Top
It is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface at any given point in the Earth's atmosphere. In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. Top
It is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by atmosphere. The main radiation emitted is the infrared radiation. Top
Global-scale oscillations in the atmospheric fields, such as, temperature, wind, density, and pressure at periods which are subharmonics of one day solar or lunar. In the atmosphere, the solar tides are exciting mainly by absorption of solar radiation by the ozone and water vapor and lunar tides are exciting by gravitationally field. Top
The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. Top
The collision of an electron with a neutral molecule or an atom which causes the formation of a negative ion. Later the negative charges disappear due to recombination between positive and negative ions. Attachment depends on the density of the oxygen atoms, the greater this density, the faster the ionization will disappear. Top
Means, in physics, the loss of intensity (also called extinction). Top
It is a natural light displays in the sky, usually observed at night, particularly in the Polar Regions. It typically occur in the ionosphere. Top
Natural light displays in the south latitude sky, but is only visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America, or Australasia. Top
Natural light displays in the north latitudes sky, usually observed at night. The aurora borealis most often occurs near the equinoxes; from September to October and March to April. Top
The large horizontal currents that flow in the D and E regions of the auroral ionosphere. Top
An annular ring around each geomagnetic pole where auroras are most likely to occur. Top
A mathematical representation of the degree of similarity between a given time series and a lagged version of itself over successive time intervals. Top
It is one of the four seasons fo the year. It starts around twenty one of march in the South Hemisphere and around twenty two of September in the North Hemisphere. Top
Position the Earth with the Sun where there are equivalence of the distribution of sunlight incident on the two hemispheres and day and night are of equal length. Occurs between Summer and Winter and marks the beginning of Autumn. Top
Angular distance measured on the horizon. Top